Omissão do café da manhã entre adolescentes brasileiros: resultados da PeNSE 2012 e 2015 / Skipping breakfast among Brazilian adolescents: results from PeNSE 2012 and 2015

Resumo Introdução: São restritos os estudos que apresentam estimativas com representatividade nacional sobre omissão do café da manhã entre adolescentes brasileiros. Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência da omissão do café da manhã entre estudantes adolescentes brasileiros, segundo características sociodemográficas, nos anos de 2012 e 2015. Método: Análise realizada com os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar, com escolares do 9º, ano nos anos de 2012 e 2015. Foi estimada a prevalência de omissão do café da manhã (consumo por menos de cinco dias por semana), segundo sexo, faixa etária, dependência administrativa da escola e região do país, considerando o desenho complexo da amostra. Resultados: A prevalência de omissão do café da manhã verificada foi de 38,1% em 2012 e 35,6% em 2015, sendo mais elevada entre meninas e estudantes de escolas privadas. A omissão dessa refeição foi mais elevada entre os escolares das regiões Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste. As capitais brasileiras pertencentes às regiões Sul e Centro-Oeste apresentaram as maiores prevalências de omissão do café da manhã. Conclusões: Não houve alteração significativa da prevalência de omissão de café da manhã entre os dois inquéritos realizados, sendo maior a sua omissão entre as meninas, estudantes de escolas públicas e de regiões mais desenvolvidas.

Abstract Background: There is limited research presenting nationally representative estimates regarding breakfast omission among Brazilian adolescents. Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of breakfast omission among Brazilian adolescent students, considering sociodemographic characteristics, in the years 2012 and 2015. Method: An analysis was conducted using data from the National School Health Survey, including 9th grade students in the years 2012 and 2015. The prevalence of breakfast omission (defined as consumption on fewer than 5 days per week) was estimated based on gender, age group, school administrative dependence, and region of the country, considering the complex sample design. Results: The prevalence of breakfast omission observed was 38.1% in 2012 and 35.6% in 2015, with higher rates among girls and students from private schools. Omission of this meal was more common among students in the South, Southeast, and Central West regions. Brazilian capitals located in the South and Central West regions exhibited the highest prevalence of breakfast omission. Conclusions: There was no significant change in the prevalence of breakfast omission between the two surveys, and its omission was higher among girls, students from public schools, and in more developed regions.

Consumption of free sugars and dietary sources in the diet of university students according to socioeconomic and lifestyle factors / Consumo de açúcar livre e fontes dietéticas na dieta de estudantes universitários segundo fatores socioeconômicos e de estilo de vida

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the consumption of free sugars and associated factors in the diet of university students entering full-time courses at a public university in Mato Grosso. Methods Cross-sectional study with students aged 16 to 26 years in the first semester of 2016, 2017, and 2018. Average sugar consumption was estimated using a 24-hour diet recall, evaluating the percentage of free sugars in total energy intake and the prevalence of consumption greater than 10.0% of total energy intake, according to socioeconomic and lifestyle variables, stratified by sex, and the foods that most contributed to its consumption. Results A total of 1,063 students were evaluated, the percentage of free sugars in the students' diet was on average 14.3% among men and 15.4% among women, with the prevalence of consumption above 10.0% also being higher among women (72.6 vs. 66.6%). There was a direct relationship between the participation of free sugars in the highest tertiles of energy intake, and the main food groups sources of sugar were desserts, juices, soft drinks, and coffee. There was a significant association between courses outside the health sciences, tobacco use, and unsatisfactory meal consumption profile with higher consumption of free sugars among women. Among men, sugar consumption was higher among those who were not overweight compared to those who were overweight. Conclusion The consumption of free sugars is high among university students, being associated with higher energy consumption, especially for sweetened beverages.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o consumo de açúcar livre e os fatores associados na alimentação de universitários ingressantes em cursos de período integral em uma universidade pública de Mato Grosso. Métodos Estudo transversal com estudantes de 16 a 26 anos de idade no primeiro semestre de 2016, 2017 e 2018 (n=1.063). O consumo médio de açúcar foi estimado por meio de recordatório de 24 horas, sendo avaliada a participação do açúcar livre na ingestão energética total e a prevalência de participação do consumo superior a 10,0% da ingestão energética, segundo variáveis socioeconômicas, de estilo de vida e fatores dietéticos, , estratificadas por sexo. Resultados A participação do açúcar livre na dieta foi, em média, de 14,3% entre os homens e 15,4% entre as mulheres, sendo a prevalência de consumo acima de 10,0% também maior entre as mulheres (72,6 vs. 66,6%). Foi maior a participação do açúcar livre nos tercis mais elevados de ingestão energética, sendo verificado que os principais grupos de alimentos fontes foram sobremesas, sucos, refrigerantes e café. Entre as mulheres, verificou-se maior consumo de açúcar livre entre aquelas que faziam uso de tabaco e que apresentavam perfil de consumo de refeições insatisfatório. Por outro lado, menor consumo de açúcar livre foi observado entre as estudantes da área da saúde. Entre os homens, o consumo de açúcar livre foi maior entre aqueles sem excesso de peso, comparados aos com excesso. Conclusão O consumo de açúcar livre foi elevado entre estudantes universitários, sendo maior entre os estudantes com maior consumo energético. Verificou-se que as bebidas adoçadas estiveram entre as principais fontes.

[Working conditions of indigenous healthcare professionals in the largest Base Center in Brazil]. / Condições de trabalho dos profissionais de saúde indígena no maior Polo Base do Brasil.

This study aimed to investigate and to compare the working conditions of Indigenous healthcare professionals in the largest Base Center in Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study conducted with all the healthcare professionals (N = 124) of the Dourados Base Center, Mato Grosso do Sul State, in 2020 who performed direct care in the territory, by a semi-structured questionnaire, with sociodemographic, economic, and work questions. The statistical analyses were performed by Pearson's chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, with a 5% significance level. The professionals working in the fixed teams had a higher frequency of taking work home (p = 0.047) and work on the weekend hindered rest (p = 0.018) when compared to the mobile teams. Workers with shorter service time reported higher work overload (p = 0.022), taking work home and working on the weekend, whereas professionals with longer service time reported more work accidents (p = 0.004). indigenous healthcare and sanitation agents worked more on weekends (p < 0.001) and had more problems with service users (p = 0.021). Regardless of the categories studied, most professionals presented insecurity with labor ties (72.5%), lack of job and career plan (86.3%), weekend work (78.6%), occurrence of health risks (78.6%), accidents (65%), witnessed (73.2%) and suffered (54.7%) violence in the work environment, late payment (95.7%), and wage dissatisfaction (86.4%). Therefore, more investments and professionals in Indigenous healthcare become essential for developing better working conditions.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar e comparar as condições de trabalho dos profissionais da saúde indígena no maior Polo Base do Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com todos os profissionais de saúde (N = 124) do Polo Base de Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, em 2020 que realizavam atendimento direto no território, por meio de questionário semiestruturado, com questões sociodemográficas, econômicas e de trabalho. As análises estatísticas foram feitas por teste qui-quadrado de Pearson ou exato de Fisher, com nível de 5% de significância. Os profissionais atuantes nas equipes fixas obtiveram maior frequência em levar trabalho para casa (p = 0,047), e o trabalho no fim de semana atrapalhou o descanso (p = 0,018) em comparação aos de equipes volantes. Os trabalhadores com menor tempo de serviço referiram maior sobrecarga de trabalho (p = 0,022), levar trabalho para casa e trabalhar no fim de semana, enquanto os profissionais com maior tempo de serviço relataram mais acidentes de trabalho (p = 0,004). Os agentes indígenas de saúde (AIS) e de saneamento (AISAN) trabalhavam mais aos finais de semana (p < 0,001) e tiveram mais problemas com usuários do serviço (p = 0,021). Independentemente das categorias estudadas, a maioria dos profissionais apresentou insegurança com vínculo trabalhista (72,5%), carência de plano de cargo e carreira (86,3%), trabalho no fim de semana (78,6%), ocorrência de riscos à saúde (78,6%), acidentes (65%), violências presenciadas (73,2%) e sofridas (54,7%) no ambiente laboral, pagamento atrasado (95,7%) e insatisfação salarial (86,4%). Portanto, tornam-se essenciais mais investimentos e profissionais na saúde indígena para o desenvolvimento de melhores condições de trabalho.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar y comparar las condiciones de trabajo de los profesionales de la salud indígena en la mayor Polo Base de Brasil. Se trata de un estudio transversal realizado con todos los profesionales sanitarios (N = 124) del Polo Base de Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, en 2020 que realizaban atención directa en el territorio, a través de un cuestionario semiestructurado, con preguntas sociodemográficas, económicas y laborales. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado de Pearson o la prueba exacta de Fisher, con un nivel del 5% de significación. Los profesionales actuantes en los equipos fijos obtuvieron una mayor frecuencia en llevarse el trabajo a casa (p = 0,047) y el trabajo en el fin de semana atrajo el descanso (p = 0,018) cuando se comparó con los de equipos volantes. Los trabajadores con menos tiempo de servicio declararon una mayor sobrecarga de trabajo (p = 0,022), llevarse el trabajo a casa y trabajar el fin de semana, mientras que los profesionales con más tiempo de servicio declararon más accidentes laborales (p = 0,004). Los agentes indígenas de salud y saneamiento trabajaron más los fines de semana (p < 0,001) y tuvieron más problemas con los usuarios del servicio (p = 0,021). Independientemente de las categorías estudiadas, la mayoría de los profesionales mostraron inseguridad con el contrato laboral (72,5%), falta de un plan de puesto y carrera (86,3%), trabajo en fin de semana (78,6%), presencia de riesgos para la salud (78,6%), accidentes (65%), violencia presenciada (73,2%) y sufrida (54,7%) en el entorno laboral, retraso en el pago (95,7%) e insatisfacción salarial (86,4%). Por lo tanto, es esencial que se realicen más inversiones y se cuente con más profesionales en el ámbito de la salud indígena para desarrollar mejores condiciones de trabajo.

Skipping breakfast associated with socioeconomic and lifestyle factors in Brazilian adolescents / Omitir o café da manhã está associado a fatores socioeconômicos e de estilo de vida entre adolescentes brasileiros

Abstract The aim is to estimate the prevalence and evaluate the association of socioeconomic and lifestyle factors with skipping breakfast among Brazilian adolescent students. A cross-sectional study carried out with adolescent ninth-graders from Brazilian public and private schools participating in the 2015 National School Health Survey. The prevalence of skipping breakfast (less than five days/week) and its respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated and stratified by gender according to demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors, self-perceived body image, and attitudes towards weight. A three-block hierarchical Poisson regression, considering the complex sample design. The prevalence of skipping breakfast was 35.6%, higher among girls than boys. In both genders, skipping breakfast was positively associated with the highest socioeconomic level, morning school shift, paid work, regular consumption of alcoholic beverages, living only with the mother, the father or neither, the irregular consumption of school food and meals with parents, considering oneself too fat/fat and trying to lose weight. In general, skipping breakfast was associated with socioeconomic factors and lifestyle behaviors harmful to health among adolescent students.

Resumo O objetivo é estimar a prevalência e avaliar a associação dos fatores socioeconômicos e de estilo de vida com a omissão do café da manhã entre adolescentes escolares brasileiros. Um estudo transversal realizado com adolescentes do 9º ano de escolas públicas e privadas brasileiras participantes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar de 2015. A prevalência de omissão do café da manhã (menos de cinco dias/semana) e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% foram estimados e estratificados por sexo de acordo com fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos, estilo de vida, autopercepção da imagem corporal e atitudes em relação ao peso. Uma regressão de Poisson hierárquica de três blocos, considerando o desenho amostral complexo. A prevalência de pular o café da manhã foi de 35,6%, maior entre as meninas do que entre os meninos. Em ambos os sexos, omitir o café da manhã associou-se positivamente com maior nível socioeconômico, turno escolar matutino, trabalho remunerado, consumo regular de bebidas alcoólicas, morar apenas com a mãe, pai ou nenhum dos dois, consumo irregular de alimentação escolar e refeições com os pais, considerar-se muito gordo/gordo e tentar perder peso. Em geral, a omissão do café da manhã foi associada a fatores socioeconômicos e comportamentos de estilo de vida prejudiciais à saúde entre estudantes adolescentes.

Skipping breakfast associated with socioeconomic and lifestyle factors in Brazilian adolescents.

The aim is to estimate the prevalence and evaluate the association of socioeconomic and lifestyle factors with skipping breakfast among Brazilian adolescent students. A cross-sectional study carried out with adolescent ninth-graders from Brazilian public and private schools participating in the 2015 National School Health Survey. The prevalence of skipping breakfast (less than five days/week) and its respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated and stratified by gender according to demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors, self-perceived body image, and attitudes towards weight. A three-block hierarchical Poisson regression, considering the complex sample design. The prevalence of skipping breakfast was 35.6%, higher among girls than boys. In both genders, skipping breakfast was positively associated with the highest socioeconomic level, morning school shift, paid work, regular consumption of alcoholic beverages, living only with the mother, the father or neither, the irregular consumption of school food and meals with parents, considering oneself too fat/fat and trying to lose weight. In general, skipping breakfast was associated with socioeconomic factors and lifestyle behaviors harmful to health among adolescent students.

Simultaneidade de comportamentos de risco para saúde e fatores associados na população brasileira: dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde - 2013 / Simultaneity of health risk behaviors and associated factors in the Brazilian population: data from the National Health Survey - 2013

Resumo Introdução As doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) apresentam origem multifatorial e entre os fatores de risco predisponentes a elas estão os comportamentos relacionados ao estilo de vida. Esses comportamentos poucas vezes ocorrem de maneira isolada, sendo a simultaneidade um fator agravante para o desenvolvimento de DCNT. Objetivo Estimar a ocorrência simultânea de comportamentos de risco para saúde e fatores associados na população brasileira. Método Utilizaram-se dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde realizada em 2013. Os comportamentos de risco foram: tabagismo, consumo abusivo de bebidas alcoólicas, consumo irregular de frutas, legumes e verduras, tempo excessivo de TV e inatividade física. A presença de cada comportamento foi somada para obter a simultaneidade. As variáveis independentes analisadas foram: sexo, faixa etária e nível de escolaridade. Utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado para avaliar os fatores associados à ocorrência simultânea e a regressão logística para a associação entre os comportamentos de risco à saúde avaliados. Resultados Os comportamentos de risco mais frequentes foram: inatividade física (68,5%), consumo irregular de frutas, legumes e verduras (32,9%) e tempo excessivo de TV (28,9%). Quatro em cada dez indivíduos estavam expostos a dois comportamentos de risco simultaneamente. A ocorrência de três ou mais comportamentos de risco foi mais frequente entre os homens adolescentes e adultos quando comparados aos idosos, e houve redução gradual da frequência com o aumento da escolaridade. Conclusão Foi elevada a frequência de ocorrência simultânea de comportamentos de risco para saúde, a qual pode comprometer as condições de saúde da população brasileira.

Abstract Background Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have a multifactorial origin and lifestyle-related behaviors are among the predisposing risk factors. These behaviors seldom occur in isolation, and the simultaneity is an aggravating factor for the development of NCDs. Objective To estimate the simultaneous occurrence of health risk behaviors and associated factors in the Brazilian population. Method Data from the National Health Survey conducted in 2013 were used. The risk behaviors evaluated were smoking, abusive alcoholic beverage consumption, irregular consumption of fruits and vegetables, excessive screen time, and physical inactivity. The presence of each behavior was added to obtain simultaneity. The independent variables analyzed were gender, age group, and education level. The chi-square test was used to assess factors associated with simultaneous occurrence and logistic regression for the association between the health risk behaviors assessed. Results The most frequent risk behaviors were physical inactivity (68.5%), irregular consumption of fruits and vegetables (32.9%), and excessive screen time (28.9%). Four out of ten individuals were exposed to two risk behaviors simultaneously. The occurrence of three or more risk behaviors was more frequent among males, adolescents, and adults, compared to the elderly, and there was a gradual reduction with the increase in the education level. Conclusion The frequency of simultaneous occurrence of health risk behaviors was elevated, which may compromise the health conditions of the Brazilian population.

Cesarean birth and risk of obesity from birth to adolescence: A cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown associations between cesarean birth and overweight. However, very few studies have evaluated weight gain or adiposity throughout life, and the majority are restricted to analysis during childhood. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of cesarean birth on obesity risk from birth to adolescence. METHODS: The study sample was drawn from live births that occurred in 1999 and 2000 in Mato Grosso-Brazil. Participants were evaluated once when they were between 0 and 5 years of age and again after approximately 10 years (2009-2011). To measure the association between cesarean birth and obesity (Body Mass Index/age >+2 z-scores), we used generalized estimation equations (GEE) with binomial distribution and log-binomial models for repeated measures, controlled by the following confounding factors: weight and length at birth, sex, gestational age, breastfeeding, maternal age and schooling, economic class in childhood, and maternal smoking during pregnancy. The exposure-time interaction term was evaluated to verify differences in the change in the risk of obesity over time. RESULTS: 56.8% of children in the sample were born by cesarean birth. Children born by cesarean had a higher risk of obesity from birth through adolescence (RR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.02; 1.46), even after adjusting for covariates, when compared with those born vaginally. However, the time-exposure interaction term was not significant, which indicates that there was no increased risk of obesity over time. CONCLUSION: Cesarean birth was positively associated with obesity from birth to adolescence, with a persistent risk in the period evaluated.

[Sleep-related problems and associated factors among the Brazilian population: National Health Survey, 2013]. / Problemas com o sono e fatores associados na população brasileira: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013.

The scope of this study was to estimate the frequency of sleep-related problems and associated factors. It was a study based on data from the National Health Survey conducted in Brazil in 2013. Sleep-related problems were assessed with the question "How often have you had sleep problems in the last two weeks, such as difficulty falling asleep, waking up frequently during the night or sleeping more than usual?" The answers were grouped into: none of the days, less than half of the days and more than half of the days. Of the individuals evaluated, 71.1% reported having no problems with sleep on any day, 14.0% on at least half of the days and 14.9% on more than half of the days. The highest frequencies of sleep-related problems were reported by women and more advanced age. For men and women, smoking, alcohol abuse, physical inactivity, sedentary behavior, and high blood pressure were significantly associated with the frequency of sleep problems on more than half of the days, and also excess weight for women. Thus, the frequency of sleep-related problems in the Brazilian population was high. Women, older individuals with lifestyle-related risk behaviors, high blood pressure, and overweight were the highest risk subgroups.

O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a frequência de problemas com o sono e os fatores associados, analisando dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, realizado em 2013 no Brasil. Os problemas com o sono foram avaliados com a pergunta "Nas duas últimas semanas, com que frequência o(a) sr(a) teve problemas no sono, como dificuldade para adormecer, acordar frequentemente à noite ou dormir mais do que de costume?", as respostas foram agrupadas em: nenhum dia, menos da metade dos dias e mais da metade dos dias. Dos indivíduos avaliados, 71,1% relataram não ter problemas com o sono em nenhum dia, 14,0% em pelo menos metade dos dias e 14,9% em mais da metade dos dias. As maiores frequências de problemas com o sono foram relatadas pelas mulheres e com o aumento da idade. Para homens e mulheres, tabagismo, consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, inatividade física, comportamento sedentário e hipertensão arterial apresentaram associação significativa com a frequência de problemas com o sono em mais da metade dos dias, e o excesso de peso para as mulheres. Assim, foi elevada a frequência de problemas com o sono na população brasileira. Mulheres, indivíduos mais velhos, com comportamentos de risco relacionados ao estilo de vida, hipertensão arterial e excesso de peso corporal foram os subgrupos em maior risco.

Problemas com o sono e fatores associados na população brasileira: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013 / Sleep-related problems and associated factors among the Brazilian population: National Health Survey, 2013

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a frequência de problemas com o sono e os fatores associados, analisando dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, realizado em 2013 no Brasil. Os problemas com o sono foram avaliados com a pergunta "Nas duas últimas semanas, com que frequência o(a) sr(a) teve problemas no sono, como dificuldade para adormecer, acordar frequentemente à noite ou dormir mais do que de costume?", as respostas foram agrupadas em: nenhum dia, menos da metade dos dias e mais da metade dos dias. Dos indivíduos avaliados, 71,1% relataram não ter problemas com o sono em nenhum dia, 14,0% em pelo menos metade dos dias e 14,9% em mais da metade dos dias. As maiores frequências de problemas com o sono foram relatadas pelas mulheres e com o aumento da idade. Para homens e mulheres, tabagismo, consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, inatividade física, comportamento sedentário e hipertensão arterial apresentaram associação significativa com a frequência de problemas com o sono em mais da metade dos dias, e o excesso de peso para as mulheres. Assim, foi elevada a frequência de problemas com o sono na população brasileira. Mulheres, indivíduos mais velhos, com comportamentos de risco relacionados ao estilo de vida, hipertensão arterial e excesso de peso corporal foram os subgrupos em maior risco.

Abstract The scope of this study was to estimate the frequency of sleep-related problems and associated factors. It was a study based on data from the National Health Survey conducted in Brazil in 2013. Sleep-related problems were assessed with the question "How often have you had sleep problems in the last two weeks, such as difficulty falling asleep, waking up frequently during the night or sleeping more than usual?" The answers were grouped into: none of the days, less than half of the days and more than half of the days. Of the individuals evaluated, 71.1% reported having no problems with sleep on any day, 14.0% on at least half of the days and 14.9% on more than half of the days. The highest frequencies of sleep-related problems were reported by women and more advanced age. For men and women, smoking, alcohol abuse, physical inactivity, sedentary behavior, and high blood pressure were significantly associated with the frequency of sleep problems on more than half of the days, and also excess weight for women. Thus, the frequency of sleep-related problems in the Brazilian population was high. Women, older individuals with lifestyle-related risk behaviors, high blood pressure, and overweight were the highest risk subgroups.

Tendência das prevalências de excesso de peso e obesidade em adultos brasileiros: análise do VIGITEL 2006-2019 por capitais e Distrito Federal / Trends of overweight and obesity prevalence among Brazilian adults: Analysis of 2006-2019 VIGITEL by capitals and Federal District

Objetivo: Avaliar a tendência das prevalências de excesso de peso e obesidade em adultos brasileiros nas 26 capitais estaduais e no Distrito Federal, obtidas por meio de inquéritos telefônicos nacionais. Métodos: As prevalências de excesso de peso e obesidade foram obtidas a partir dos dados do Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (VIGITEL) de 2006 a 2019. As prevalências para cada capital e Distrito Federal foram estratificadas por sexo e ajustadas para idade. Foi utilizado o método de regressão linear generalizada de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: A prevalência geral de excesso de peso entre homens aumentou de 47,5% em 2006 para 55,9% em 2019 e entre mulheres de 37,1% para 49,4% com variação percentual anual de 2,5% e 5,1%, respectivamente. A prevalência de obesidade nas 26 capitais e no Distrito Federal aumentou entre homens de 11,1% em 2006 para 18,5% em 2019, com variação percentual anual de 7,3%, e de 11,3% para 18,3% entre mulheres, com variação percentual anual de 7,1%. A maior variação percentual anual para a prevalência de excesso de peso foi observada para mulheres de Belém, Recife e São Paulo, e a menor para homens de Macapá, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo. Para prevalência de obesidade, a maior variação percentual anual foi observada entre homens do Distrito Federal, e a menor entre homens de São Paulo e mulheres de Fortaleza. Conclusão: Tendências crescentes de excesso de peso e obesidade foram identificadas em adultos brasileiros de ambos os sexos.

Aim: To evaluate the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Brazilian adults in the 26 state capitals and the Federal District, obtained from national telephone surveys. Methods: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was obtained from the Surveillance of Risk and Protection Factors for Chronic Diseases Through Telephone Surveys (VIGITEL) from 2006 to 2019. The prevalence for each capital and the Federal District were stratified by sex and adjusted for age. The Prais-Winsten generalized linear regression method was used. Results: The overall prevalence of overweight among men increased from 47.5% in 2006 to 55.9% in 2019, and among women from 37.1% to 49.4% with an annual percent change of 2.5% and 5.1%, respectively. The prevalence of obesity in the 26 capitals and Federal District increased among men from 11.1% in 2006 to 18.5% in 2019, with an annual percent change of 7.3%, and from 11.3% to 18, 3% among women, with an annual percent change of 7.1%. The highest annual change for the prevalence of overweight was observed for women from Belém, Recife and São Paulo and the lowest for men from Macapá, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo. For prevalence of obesity, the highest annual change was observed among men in the Federal District, and lowest among men from São Paulo and women from Fortaleza. Conclusion: Increasing trends in overweight and obesity were identified in Brazilian adults of both sexes.

Tendências do estado nutricional de crianças no período de 2008 a 2015: dados do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (Sisvan) / Trends in the nutritional status among children from 2008 to 2015: Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (Sisvan)

Resumo Introdução O Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (Sisvan) é de abrangência nacional e essencial para monitorar o crescimento e o desenvolvimento da criança na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Objetivo Descrever a cobertura e a tendência temporal do estado nutricional de crianças de 5 a 9 anos cadastradas no Sisvan entre 2008 e 2015. Método Análise de regressão linear simples para verificar a tendência temporal do número de registros, da cobertura e da classificação do estado nutricional de crianças de 5 a 9 anos em quatro territórios (município de Dourados, estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, região Centro-Oeste e Brasil). Resultados Verificou-se tendência de aumento no número de registros, exceto para Dourados, que apresentou padrão irregular (p = 0,123). Magreza e eutrofia apresentaram tendências de queda, enquanto sobrepeso e obesidade aumentaram no período e nos territórios avaliados, com exceção de Dourados, que não apresentou resultados significativos para eutrofia (p = 0,145) e obesidade (p = 0,318). Conclusão O número de registros e, consequentemente, a cobertura do Sisvan aumentaram de forma significativa em três dos quatro territórios avaliados. Os resultados referentes ao estado nutricional retratam e fortalecem o processo de transição nutricional vivenciado no país.

Abstract Background The Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (Sisvan) is a national and essential System to monitor the growth and development of children in Primary Health Care services. Objective To describe the coverage and temporal trend of the nutritional status of children aged 5 to 9 registered in Sisvan between 2008 and 2015. Method Simple linear regression analysis was performed to verify the temporal trend in the number of records, coverage, and nutritional status classification among children from 5 to 9 years old in four territories (Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Midwest region and Brazil). Results There was a rising trend in the number of records, except for Dourados that presented irregular patterns (p=0.123). Underweight and normal weight presented falling trends, while overweight and obesity increased in the period in the territories evaluated, except for Dourados, which did not present significant results for normal weight (p=0.145) and obesity (p=0,318). Conclusion The number of records and, consequently, the coverage of Sisvan increased significantly in three territories evaluated in the period. Results of the nutritional status strengthen the nutritional transition process experienced in Brazil.

Cut-off points of anthropometric markers associated with hypertension in the Brazilian population: National Health Survey, 2013.

OBJECTIVE: To identify cut-off points for waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and BMI associated with hypertension in the Brazilian adult and elderly population. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the cut-off points of WC, WHtR and BMI in the prediction of hypertension. Those who had systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg and those who reported use of antihypertensive medication were considered hypertensive. SETTING: Brazil.ParticipantsParticipants from the National Health Survey, the Brazilian household-based survey conducted in 2013, of both sexes and age ≥20 years. RESULTS: Cut-off points for WC and WHtR increased with age in both sexes. WC cut-off limits ranged between 88·0 and 95·9 cm in men and between 85·0 and 93·2 cm in women. For WHtR, cut-off scores ranged from 0·51 to 0·58 for men and from 0·53 to 0·61 for women. Additionally, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for all age and sex groups was greater than 0·60 while the lower limit of the AUC 95 % CI for both WC and WHtR was not less than 0·50. The performance of BMI was similar to that of indicators of fat location. CONCLUSIONS: All analysed anthropometric indicators had similar performance in identifying hypertension in the Brazilian population.

Socio-economic and demographic characteristics associated with risk behaviour patterns for chronic non-communicable diseases in Brazil: data from the National Health Survey, 2013.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk behaviour patterns for chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD) in the Brazilian population and to investigate associated socio-economic and demographic factors. DESIGN: Factor analysis was used to identify patterns considering the following risk behaviours: consumption of soft drinks/artificial juice, sweet foods, red meat with apparent fat, chicken skin; inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables; alcohol abuse; smoking; absence of physical activity during leisure time; and time spent watching television. The χ 2 test was used to compare ratios. All analyses accounted for weighting factors and the study's complex sampling design effect. The socio-economic and demographic variables evaluated were gender, age, schooling level and macro region of residence. SETTING: National Health Survey, a household survey with national representation, conducted in 2013 in Brazil.ParticipantsIndividuals (n 60202) aged 18 years or over. RESULTS: Four risk behaviour patterns were identified: 'Physical inactivity in leisure time and Inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables', 'Saturated fat', 'Alcohol and Smoking' and 'Sedentary behaviour and Sugar', explaining 52·01 % of the total variance. Overall, greater adherence to 'Saturated fat' and 'Alcohol and Smoking' patterns was observed among men and those with lower education level. The 'Sedentary behaviour and Sugar' and 'Physical inactivity in leisure time and Inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables' patterns had greater adherence among younger individuals, and the first was associated with higher education whereas the second with less education among individuals residing in the North and Northeast regions. CONCLUSIONS: Risk behaviour patterns for NCD were heterogeneous, reflecting the socio-economic and demographic differences in Brazil.

Associations of changes in BMI and body fat percentage with demographic and socioeconomic factors: the ELANA middle school cohort.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Adolescent weight and fat gain is determined by multiple factors. This study examined the association between changes in body fat indicators, excessive weight and fat gain, and sociodemographic factors among Brazilian adolescents over a 4-year period. METHODS: Body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BFP) of 809 middle school students (mean age: 11.8 ± 1.15 years) were evaluated annually, from 2010 to 2013. Linear mixed effects models were used to assess the trajectories of BMI and BFP in both boys and girls according to the type of school attended (public or private) and skin colour. General estimating equations logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate associations between sociodemographic variables and the development of overweight or high BFP. RESULTS: Girls from private schools (p = 0.003) and white boys (p = 0.041) experienced bigger increases in BMI, as compared to girls from public schools and black/brown boys, respectively. White boys also had an increased chance of presenting excessive weight (OR = 3.28; CI 95%: 1.13-9.52) and BFP (OR = 3.32; CI 95%: 1.38-8.01) gain than black/brown boys. Conversely, white girls were less likely to present excessive body fat gain when compared to black/brown girls (OR = 0.42; CI 95%: 0.18-0.96). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents who experienced better socioeconomic conditions, especially boys, were more likely to have greater increases in body fat indicators. Our findings contribute to the better understanding of BMI trajectories and body composition changes during puberty, as well as demonstrates the relationship between socioeconomic variables and adiposity indicators among adolescents in middle-income countries.

Self-reported weight and height are valid measures to determine weight status: results from the Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS 2013).

Self-reported measures have been used to obtain weight and height information in some epidemiological surveys. The validation of such information is necessary to guarantee data quality. This study assessed the validity of self-reported weight and height to determine weight status. Data were obtained in the Brazilian National Health Survey, a Brazilian household-based nationwide survey carried out in 2013. In this survey, 40,366 individuals (aged ≥ 18 years) provided self-reported and measured information about weight and height. Student's paired t-test was used to verify the differences between self-reported and measured data. The agreement between measurements was obtained using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman method. To evaluate variations in weight status categorizations, the weighted kappa coefficient and exact agreement were used. Sensitivity and specificity were estimated for the self-reported information to classify overweight and obese individuals. There was high agreement between self-reported and measured weight, height, and body mass index (ICC > 0.88). The mean agreements estimated by the Bland-Altman method were 99.6% for weight and 100.6% for height. The weighted kappa coefficient showed substantial agreement among the weight status categories (> 0.66); the exact agreement was 77%. Sensibility and specificity for overweight (83% and 87.5%, respectively) and obesity (73.4% and 96.7%, respectively) were considered high for the sociodemographic characteristics evaluated. According to our results, self-reported measurements of weight and height can be used cautiously as valid alternatives to determine weight status.

Clustering of multiple energy balance related behaviors is associated with body fat composition indicators in adolescents: Results from the HELENA and ELANA studies.

The objective of this study was to identify clustering patterns of four energy balance-related behaviors (EBRB): television (TV) watching, moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA), consumption of fruits and vegetables (F&V), and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), among European and Brazilian adolescents. EBRB associations with different body fat composition indicators were then evaluated. Participants included adolescents from eight European countries in the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescents) study (n = 2,057, 53.8% female; age: 12.5-17.5 years) and from the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro/Brazil in the ELANA study (the Adolescent Nutritional Assessment Longitudinal Study) (n = 968, 53.2% female; age: 13.5-19 years). EBRB data allowed for sex- and study-specific clusters. Associations were estimated by ANOVA and odds ratios. Five clustering patterns were identified. Four similar clusters were identified for each sex and study. Among boys, different cluster identified was characterized by high F&V consumption in the HELENA study and high TV watching and high MVPA time in the ELANA study. Among girls, the different clusters identified was characterized by high F&V consumption in both studies and, additionally, high SSB consumption in the ELANA study. Regression analysis showed that clusters characterized by high SSB consumption in European boys; high TV watching, and high TV watching plus high MVPA in Brazilian boys; and high MVPA, and high SSB and F&V consumption in Brazilian girls, were positively associated with different body fat composition indicators. Common clusters were observed in adolescents from Europe and Brazil, however, no cluster was identified as being completely healthy or unhealthy. Each cluster seems to impact on body composition indicators, depending on the group. Public health actions should aim to promote adequate practices of EBRB.

Self-reported weight and height are valid measures to determine weight status: results from the Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS 2013) / Peso e altura autorreferidos são medidas válidas para determinar o estado nutricional: resultados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS 2013) / El peso y altura autoinformados son medidas válidas para determinar el estado nutricional: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Brasileña (PNS 2013)

Self-reported measures have been used to obtain weight and height information in some epidemiological surveys. The validation of such information is necessary to guarantee data quality. This study assessed the validity of self-reported weight and height to determine weight status. Data were obtained in the Brazilian National Health Survey, a Brazilian household-based nationwide survey carried out in 2013. In this survey, 40,366 individuals (aged ≥ 18 years) provided self-reported and measured information about weight and height. Student's paired t-test was used to verify the differences between self-reported and measured data. The agreement between measurements was obtained using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman method. To evaluate variations in weight status categorizations, the weighted kappa coefficient and exact agreement were used. Sensitivity and specificity were estimated for the self-reported information to classify overweight and obese individuals. There was high agreement between self-reported and measured weight, height, and body mass index (ICC > 0.88). The mean agreements estimated by the Bland-Altman method were 99.6% for weight and 100.6% for height. The weighted kappa coefficient showed substantial agreement among the weight status categories (> 0.66); the exact agreement was 77%. Sensibility and specificity for overweight (83% and 87.5%, respectively) and obesity (73.4% and 96.7%, respectively) were considered high for the sociodemographic characteristics evaluated. According to our results, self-reported measurements of weight and height can be used cautiously as valid alternatives to determine weight status.

As medidas autorreferidas têm sido utilizadas em alguns inquéritos epidemiológicos para obter informações sobre peso e altura. A validação dessas informações é necessária para garantir a qualidade dos dados. Este estudo avaliou a validade do peso e altura autorreferidos para determinar o nível de peso corporal. Os dados foram obtidos da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), um inquérito domiciliar com abrangência nacional, realizado em 2013. Na PNS, 40.366 indivíduos (idade ≥ 18 anos) forneceram dados autorreferidos sobre peso e altura. O teste t de Student foi usado para verificar as diferenças entre os dados autorreferidos e os diretamente mensurados. A concordância entre as medidas foi obtida pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) e pelo método de Bland-Altman. Para avaliar as categorizações de peso corporal, foram utilizados o coeficiente kappa ponderado e a concordância exata. Foram estimadas a sensibilidade e a especificidade dos dados autorreferidos na classificação dos indivíduos com sobrepeso e obesidade. Houve alta concordância entre peso, altura e índice de massa corporal auto-referidos e os mesmos indicadores medidos diretamente (CCI > 0,88). As médias de concordância estimadas pelo método de Bland-Altman foram 99,6% para peso e 100,6% para altura. O coeficiente kappa ponderado mostrou concordância substancial entre as categorias de peso corporal (> 0,66); a concordância exata era 77%. A sensibilidade e especificidade para sobrepeso (83% e 87,5%, respectivamente) e obesidade (73,4% e 96,7%, respectivamente) foram consideradas altas para as características sociodemográficas avaliadas. De acordo com nossos resultados, o peso e altura autorreferidos podem ser utilizados com cautela, enquanto alternativas válidas para determinar o nível de peso corporal.

Las medidas autoinformadas se han usado para obtener información sobre el peso y altura en algunas encuestas epidemiológicas. La validación de tal información es necesaria para garantizar la calidad de la información. Este estudio evaluó la validez del peso y altura autoinformados para determinar el estado de peso. Los datos fueron obtenidos en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Brasileña, una encuesta a nivel nacional, realizada en los hogares brasileños y llevada a cabo en 2013. En esta encuesta, 40.366 individuos (con una edad de ≥ 18 años) proporcionaron información autoinformada sobre su peso y altura. Se usó una prueba t de Student con el fin de verificar las diferencias entre los datos autoinformados y los datos con medición. La concordancia entre las medidas se obtuvo usando un coeficiente de correlación intraclase y el método de Bland-Altman. Para evaluar las variaciones en las categorizaciones del estado de peso, se usó coeficiente ponderado de kappa y la concordancia exacta. La sensibilidad y la especificidad se estimaron por la información autoinformada para clasificar a los individuos con sobrepeso y obesos. Hubo una alta concordancia entre quienes lo autoinformaron y a quienes se les tomó el peso y la altura, además de su índice de masa corporal (CCI > 0,88). El promedio de concordancia estimado por el método de Bland-Altman method fue de un 99,6% para el peso y 100,6% para la altura. El coeficiente de kappa ponderado mostró una concordancia sustancial entre el estado de las categorías de peso (> 0,66); la concordancia exacta fue de un 77%. La sensibilidad y especificidad para el sobrepeso (un 83% y 87,5%, respectivamente) y la obesidad (un 73,4% y 96,7%, respectivamente) fueron consideradas altas por las características sociodemográficas evaluadas. De acuerdo con nuestros resultados, las medidas autoinformadas de peso y altura pueden ser usadas con precaución como alternativas válidas para determinar el estado nutricional.

Co-occurrence of behavioral risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases in adolescents: Prevalence and associated factors / Coocorrência de fatores de risco comportamentais para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis em adolescentes: prevalência e fatores associados

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the prevalence of the behavioral risk factors - both isolated and clustered - for chronic diseases, among adolescents. Additionally, its association with various social and demographic variables was estimated. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted on 1,039 high school students, from public and private schools, elected for convenience, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test, as well as crude and adjusted ordinal logistic regression were used to assess the association between the variables. Results The most frequently observed risk factors were sedentary behavior (68.8%), alcohol consumption (36.8%), and overweight (26.8%). The clustering of risk factors was observed in 67.5% of the students. Being a girl (OR=1.28; 95%CI=1.01-1.63), Caucasian (OR=1.35; 95%CI=1.06-1.72) or private school student (OR=1.46; 95%CI=1.12-1.88) increased the chance of the clustering of risk factors. The co-occurrence of risk factors was predominantly observed in the case of smoking (OR=4.94; 95%CI=1.46-16.75), alcohol consumption (OR=1.43; 95%CI=1.09-1.88), high consumption of ultra-processed foods (OR=1.57; 95%CI=1.19-2.07), and sedentary behavior (OR=1.40; 95%CI=1.07-1.82). Conclusion The co-occurrence of behavioral risk factors was observed to be higher among girls, Caucasian adolescents, and private school students, as well as, among smokers, alcohol users and adolescents with sedentary habits and a high consumption of ultra-processed foods.

RESUMO Objetivo Examinar a frequência de fatores de risco comportamentais para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, de forma isolada e agrupados, e sua associação com variáveis sociodemográficas em adolescentes. Métodos Participaram 1.039 adolescentes do ensino médio de escolas públicas e privadas, eleitas por conveniência, da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Os testes do Qui-quadrado, Teste U de Mann-Whitney e a regressão logística ordinal, bruta e ajustada, foram empregados para avaliar a associação entre as variáveis. Resultados Os fatores de risco mais frequentes foram o comportamento sedentário (68,8%), o uso de álcool (36,8%) e o excesso de peso (26,8%). A coocorrência dos fatores foi observada em 67,5% dos estudantes. Ser do sexo feminino (OR=1,28; IC95%=1,01-1,63), de cor branca (OR=1,35; IC95%=1,06-1,72) e de escola privada (OR=1,46; IC95%=1,12-1,88) aumentou a chance de coocorrência dos fatores. Houve maior chance de agrupamento dos comportamentos avaliados para tabagismo (OR=4,94; IC95%=1,46-16,75), uso de álcool (OR=1,43; IC95%=1,09-1,88), consumo elevado de alimentos ultraprocessados (OR=1,57; IC95%=1,19-2,07) e comportamento sedentário (OR=1,40; IC95%=1,07-1,82). Conclusão A proporção de adolescentes com coocorrência de fatores de risco comportamentais foi elevada principalmente para as meninas, adolescentes de cor branca e de escolas privadas, assim como entre aqueles que são tabagistas, fazem uso de álcool, apresentam consumo elevado de alimentos ultraprocessados e comportamentos sedentários.

The associations of BMI trajectory and excessive weight gain with demographic and socio-economic factors: the Adolescent Nutritional Assessment Longitudinal Study cohort.

Assessing changes in adolescents' BMI over brief periods could contribute to detection of acute changes in weight status and prevention of overweight. The objective of this study was to analyse the BMI trajectory and the excessive weight gain of Brazilian adolescents over 3 years and the association with demographic and socio-economic factors. Data regarding the BMI of 1026 students aged between 13 and 19 years were analysed over 3 consecutive years (2010, 2011 and 2012) from the Adolescent Nutritional Assessment Longitudinal Study. Linear mixed effects models were used to assess the BMI trajectory according to the type of school attended (public or private), skin colour, socio-economic status and level of maternal schooling by sex. Associations between excessive weight gain and socio-economic variables were identified by calculation of OR. Boys attending private schools (ß coefficient: 0·008; P=0·01), those with white skin (ß coefficient: 0·007; P=0·04) and those whose mothers had >8 years of schooling (ß coefficient: 0·009; P=0·02) experienced greater BMI increase than boys and girls in other groups. Boys in private schools also presented higher excessive weight gain compared with boys attending public schools (P=0·03). Boys attending private schools experienced greater BMI increase and excessive weight gain, indicating the need to develop specific policies for the prevention and reduction of overweight in this population.

Effect of tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy and preschool age on growth from birth to adolescence: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: There is strong evidence of an association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and restriction of intrauterine growth, but the effects of this exposure on postnatal linear growth are not well defined. Furthermore, few studies have investigated the role of tobacco smoke exposure also after pregnancy on linear growth until adolescence. In this study we investigated the effect of maternal smoking exposure during pregnancy and preschool age on linear growth from birth to adolescence. METHODS: We evaluated a cohort of children born between 1994 and 1999 in Cuiabá, Brazil, who attended primary health clinics for vaccination between the years 1999 and 2000 (at preschool age) and followed-up after approximately ten years. Individuals were located in public and private schools throughout the country using the national school census. Height/length was measured, and length at birth was collected at maternity departments. Stature in childhood and adolescence was assessed using the height-for-age index sex-specific expressed as z-score from curves published by the World Health Organization. Linear mixed effects models were used to estimate the association between exposure to maternal smoking, during pregnancy and preschool age, and height of children assessed at birth, preschool and school age, adjusted for age of the children. RESULTS: We evaluated 2405 children in 1999-2000, length at birth was obtained from 2394 (99.5%), and 1716 at follow-up (71.4% of baseline), 50.7% of the adolescents were male. The z-score of height-for-age was lower among adolescents exposed to maternal smoking both during pregnancy and childhood (p < 0.01). Adjusting for age, sex, maternal height, maternal schooling, socioeconomic position at preschool age, and breastfeeding, children exposed to maternal smoking both during pregnancy and preschool age showed persistent lower height-for-age since birth to adolescence (coefficient: -0.32, p < 0.001) compared to non-exposed. Paternal smoking at preschool age was not associated with growth after adjustment for confounders. CONCLUSION: Exposure to maternal smoking not only during pregnancy, but also at early childhood, showed long-term negative effect on height of children until adolescence.